Post-Quantum Cryptography

Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) refers to cryptographic algorithms designed to be secure against attacks by quantum computers. Unlike current public-key algorithms like RSA and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), which rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers or solving discrete logarithm problems, PQC algorithms are based on mathematical problems believed to be resistant to quantum attacks.

The threat is real and imminent. Quantum computers using Shor's algorithm could theoretically break RSA-2048 encryption in a matter of hours, compared to billions of years required by classical computers. This makes the transition to quantum-resistant algorithms not just advisable, but critical for long-term data security.

In August 2024, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) published the first three finalized Post-Quantum Cryptographic standards: FIPS 203 (ML-KEM based on CRYSTALS-Kyber), FIPS 204 (ML-DSA based on CRYSTALS-Dilithium), and FIPS 205 (SLH-DSA based on SPHINCS+). These standards mark a historic milestone in the global transition to quantum-resistant security.